Curativo na ferida operatória para prevenção da infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes adultos oncológicos: revisão sistemática / Surgical wound dressing to prevent surgical site infection in adult oncological patients: a systematic review

Introdução: O manejo da ferida operatória limpa no pós-operatório é uma importante intervenção para prevenção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico. O uso de curativo estéril na ferida operatória, aproximada por primeira intenção, deve ser utilizado de forma asséptica e tem como principal objetivo impedir a contaminação por microrganismo. No entanto, para as diretrizes clínicas para prevenção de infecção do sítio cirúrgico, não existe consenso sobre a escolha do curativo ideal. Objetivo: Sintetizar as evidências sobre o curativo efetivo para prevenção da infecção de sítio cirúrgico aplicado na ferida operatória, aproximada por primeira intenção, em pacientes oncológicos adultos submetidos a cirurgia eletiva. Materiais e Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática pautada no Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), registrada sob o número CRD42020156908, constituída das etapas: 1) Elaboração e registro do protocolo da revisão; 2) Delimitação da pergunta da revisão; 3) Definição dos critérios de elegibilidade; 4) Busca e seleção dos estudos; 5) Coleta de dados; e 6) Síntese e apresentação dos resultados da revisão sistemática. A estratégia de busca foi realizada nas bases de dados: Cochrane Central, Cinahl, Embase, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science. A estratégia de busca foi fundamentada no objetivo da revisão e adaptada para cada base de dados consultada. Utilizaram-se descritores controlados e palavras-chave, a saber: Neoplasms AND Bandages AND Surgical Wound Infection AND prevention and control. A literatura cinzenta consultada foi o Google Acadêmico e a ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database. As etapas foram realizadas de forma independente e mascarada por dois revisores, e um terceiro para resolução de conflitos. Ao término da seleção dos estudos primários, realizou-se a busca manual nas listas de referências dos estudos primários incluídos. Resultados: A amostra compôs-se de sete ensaios clínicos aleatorizados. Os curativos absorventes foram comparados em cinco estudos incluídos. A mupirocina foi avaliada em dois estudos. Os curativos com prata foram avaliados em três estudos. O mel, a parafina, o tempo de retirada do curativo e a terapia por pressão negativa aparecem em um único ensaio cada. Em relação ao risco de viés, foram avaliados os sete estudos incluídos pela ferramenta da Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB 2), sendo seis de baixo risco e um estudo avaliado como risco incerto. A metanálise foi realizada com três ensaios que testaram curativo de prata versus o curativo absorvente, não demonstrando diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p= 0.77) na prevenção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico. O Intervalo de Confiança (IC) do diamante metanalítico varia de 0,41 a 1,06, assim não demonstra diferença estatisticamente significante na efetividade entre os tipos de curativo. A certeza da evidência foi avaliada pelo sistema GRADE e foi considerada forte em todos os domínios. Conclusões: A ausência de padronização em relação ao tipo e tempo de curativo utilizados nos estudos pode ser um dificultador para as recomendações do curativo ideal. E apesar dos resultados promissores com curativo impregnado com prata, ainda não é possível concluir qual é o curativo mais efetivo aplicado na ferida operatória, para prevenção de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, com fechamento primário, em pacientes oncológicos adultos submetidos a cirurgia eletiva

Introduction: The management of clean surgical wounds in the postoperative period is an important intervention to prevent surgical site infections. The use of sterile dressings in operative wounds, held together by primary intention, should be used aseptically, with the main objective of preventing microbiological contamination. However, clinical guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection do not provide a consensus about the choice of the optimal dressing. Objective: The aim of this review was to summarize the existing evidence about effective surgical site dressings for the prevention of operative wound infections, held together by primary intention in adult oncological patients submitted to elective surgery. Materials and Method: This was a systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), registered under number CRD42020156908. It was developed according to the following phases: 1) preparing and registering the review protocol; 2) defining the review question; 3) defining the eligibility criteria; 4) searching and selecting the studies; 5) data collection; and 6) summarizing and presenting the results of the systematic review. The search strategy was carried out in the following databases: Cochrane Central, Cinahl, Embase, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy was based on the objective of the review and adapted for each of the consulted databases. Controlled descriptors and keywords were used, namely: Neoplasms AND Bandages AND Surgical Wound Infection AND prevention and control. The grey literature consulted was Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database. The stages were carried out independently and blindly by two reviewers, while a third reviewer was used to settle any conflicts. After selecting the primary studies, the researchers manually searched the reference lists of the included primary studies. Results: The sample consisted of seven randomized clinical trials. Absorbent dressings were compared in five included studies. Mupirocin was evaluated in two studies. Silver dressings were evaluated in three studies. Honey, paraffin, dressing removal time, and negative pressure therapy all appeared in a single trial each. Regarding the risk of bias, the seven studies were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2); six presented a low risk of bias and one study presented uncertain risk. The meta-analysis was performed with three trials that tested silver dressings versus absorbent dressings, with no statistically significant differences (p= 0.77) in the prevention of surgical site infection. The confidence interval (CI) of the diamond ratio varied between 0.41 and 1.06, thus it did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in effectiveness between the types of dressing. Certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE system, which considered it strong in all categories. Conclusions: The lack of standardization regarding the type and duration of dressing used in the studies can make it difficult to recommend the ideal dressing. And despite the promising results with dressings impregnated with silver, it is still not possible to conclude which is the most effective dressing applied to the surgical wound, to prevent surgical site infection, with primary closure, in adult cancer patients undergoing elective surgery

Reparación de lesiones musculares por incisión quirúrgica coadyuvada con una formulación basada en miel nativa (Ulmoplus®): estudio experimental en modelo animal de conejo (Pryctolagus cuniculus) / Repair of muscle injuries by coadjugated surgical incision with a native honey formulation (Ulmoplus®): experimental study on rabbit animal model (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Para promover la reparación y regeneración muscular, se han desarrollado diferentes estrategias, sin embargo, aún no existe un tratamiento único aceptado. Investigaciones relacionan los efectos terapéuticos de la miel en el proceso de cicatrización de heridas de diversas etiologías. Considerando lo anterior, el propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de una formulación basada en miel nativa (Ulmoplus®) en la reparación de lesiones musculares por incisión quirúrgica. A cinco conejos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) se les realizó una incisión de 20 mm de largo y 3 mm de ancho en la región anterior de cada pierna, atravesando la epidermis, dermis y el músculo tibial anterior, hasta alcanzar el periostio de la tibia. La pierna izquierda de cada animal fue clasificada como grupo sutura (S) y la derecha como grupo sutura más Ulmoplus® (S+U). Posteriormente, al grupo S+U se le aplicó Ulmoplus® en toda la extensión de la herida. Luego, en ambos grupos, la incisión fue suturada con cuatro puntos intradérmicos (vicryl 2/0). Un animal fue considerado como control para obtener imágenes histológicas del músculo tibial anterior sin injuria. A los 10 días post incisión, fueron tomadas las biopsias del músculo y posteriormente fueron procesadas para su observación en microscopio de luz. El estudio se llevó a cabo considerando las recomendaciones de la Guía para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio. A los 10 días post incisión, las injurias, en ambos grupos de animales, se encontraban cerradas y sin signos de infección. El músculo tibial anterior de los especímenes del grupo S se encontraba en la fase de reparación, con procesos concomitantes de fagocitosis del tejido necrotizado, regeneración de miofibras y formación de tejido conectivo cicatrizal. El músculo tibial anterior de los animales del grupo S+U se encontraba en la fase de remodelación, ya que la arquitectura muscular se evidenciaba restablecida. Ulmoplus®, como coadyuvante en el proceso de cierre de heridas quirúrgicas de músculo esquelético utilizando sutura convencional, es una buena alternativa, ya que acelera el proceso de reparación muscular, y reduce el tejido conectivo cicatrizal.

To promote muscle repair and regeneration, different strategies have been developed, however, there is still no single accepted treatment. Research relates the therapeutic effects of honey in the wound healing process of various etiologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of native honey formulation (Ulmoplus®) in the repair of muscle injuries by surgical incision. In five rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were made an incision 20 mm long and 3 mm wide in the anterior region of each leg, crossing the epidermis, dermis and anterior tibial muscle, until reaching the tibia periosteum. The left leg of each animal was classified as a suture group (S) and the right leg as a suture group plus Ulmoplus® (S + U). Subsequently, Ulmoplus® was applied to the entire S + U group throughout the entire length of the wound. Then, in both groups, the incision was sutured with four intradermal points (vicryl 2/0). An animal was considered as a control to obtain histological images of the anterior tibial muscle without injury. At 10 days post incision, muscle biopsies were taken and subsequently processed for observation under light microscopy. The study was carried out considering the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. At 10 days post incision, the injuries, in both groups of animals, were closed and without signs of infection. The anterior tibial muscle of the S group specimens was in the repair phase, with concomitant processes of phagocytosis of the necrotized tissue, myofiber regeneration and formation of scar connective tissue. The anterior tibial muscle of the animals of the S + U group was in the remodeling phase, since the muscular architecture was evidenced restored. Ulmoplus®, as an adjunct in the process of closing surgical wounds of skeletal muscle using conventional suture, is a good alternative, since it accelerates the muscle repair process and reduces scar connective tissue.

The effects of intro-oral parathyroid hormone on the healing of tooth extraction socket: an experimental study on hyperglycemic rats

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of intro-oral injection of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on tooth extraction wound healing in hyperglycemic rats. Methodology 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the normal group (n=30) and DM group (n=30). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by streptozotocin. After extracting the left first molar of all rats, each group was further divided into 3 subgroups (n=10 per subgroup), receiving the administration of intermittent PTH, continuous PTH and saline (control), respectively. The intermittent-PTH group received intra-oral injection of PTH three times per week for two weeks. A thermosensitive controlled-release hydrogel was synthesized for continuous-PTH administration. The serum chemistry was determined to evaluate the systemic condition. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days. Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological analyses were used to evaluate the healing of extraction sockets. Results The level of serum glucose in the DM groups was significantly higher than that in the non-DM groups (p<0.05); the level of serum calcium was similar in all groups (p>0.05). Micro-CT analysis showed that the DM group had a significantly lower alveolar bone trabecular number (Tb.N) and higher trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) than the normal group (p<0.05). The histological analyses showed that no significant difference in the amount of new bone (hard tissue) formation was found between the PTH and non-PTH groups (p>0.05). Conclusions Bone formation in the extraction socket of the type 1 diabetic rats was reduced. PTH did not improve the healing of hard and soft tissues. The different PTH administration regimes (continuous vs. intermittent) had similar effect on tissue healing. These results demonstrated that the metabolic characteristics of the hyperglycemic rats produced a condition that was unable to respond to PTH treatment.

Rectal application of argan oil improves healing of colorectal anastomosis in rats

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the possible effects of argan oil on the healing of colorectal anastomoses. Methods: I n Group 1 (sham), laparotomy was performed and the colon was mobilized. In the control (Group 2) and argan oil (Group 3) groups, colonic resection and anastomosis were applied. To the control and sham groups, 2 mL of 0.9% NaCl was administred rectally, and in the argan oil group, 2 mL/day argan oil was applied rectally for 7 days. Results: The mean bursting pressures of the argan oil and sham groups were significantly higher than the values in the control group. A significant difference was determined between the tissue hydroxyproline and prolidase levels of control group and other groups. Histopathologically, argan oil showed significant beneficial effects on colonic wound healing. In the argan oil and sham groups, the tissue malondialdehyde and fluorescent oxidation product levels were found to be lower and total sulfhydryl levels were higher than the control group. Conclusions: The rectally administered argan oil was observed to have significantly ameliorated wound healing parameters and exerted a significant antioxidant effect. This is the first study in the literature about the beneficial effects of argan oil on colorectal anastomoses.

Use of fibrinogen and thrombin sponge in pediatric split liver transplantation

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the use of this sponge in pediatric patients undergoing split-liver transplantation. Methods: Retrospective study, including 35 pediatric patients undergoing split-liver transplantation, divided into two groups according to the use of the sponge: 18 patients in Group A (no sponge) and 17 in Group B (with sponge). Results: The characteristics of recipients and donors were similar. We observed greater number of reoperation due to bleeding in the wound area in Group A (10 patients - 55.5%) than in Group B (3 patients - 17.6%); p = 0.035. The median volume of red blood cells transfused in Group A was significantly higher (73.4 ± 102.38 mL/kg) than that in Group B (35.1 ± 41.67 mL/kg); p = 0.048. Regarding bile leak there was no statistical difference. Conclusion: The use of the human fibrinogen and thrombin sponge, required lower volume of red blood cell transfusion and presented lower reoperation rates due to bleeding in the wound area.

Pediatric liver transplantation with ex-situ liver transection and the application of the human fibrinogen and thrombin sponge in the wound area / Transplante hepático pediátrico com transecção hepática ex-situ e aplicação da esponja de fibrinogênio e trombina humana na área cruenta

ABSTRACT Background: Surgical strategy to increase the number of liver transplants in the pediatric population is the ex-situ liver transection (reduction or split). However, it is associated with complications such as hemorrhage and leaks. The human fibrinogen and thrombin sponge is useful for improving hemostasis in liver surgery. Aim: Compare pediatric liver transplants with ex-situ liver transection (reduction or split) with or without the human fibrinogen and thrombin sponge. Methods: Was performed a prospective analysis of 21 patients submitted to liver transplantation with ex-situ liver transection with the application of the human fibrinogen and thrombin sponge in the wound area (group A) and retrospective analysis of 59 patients without the sponge (group B). Results: The characteristics of recipients and donors were similar. There were fewer reoperations due to bleeding in the wound area in group A (14.2%) compared to group B (41.7%, p=0.029). There was no difference in relation to the biliary leak (group A: 17.6%, group B: 5.1%, p=0.14). Conclusion: There was a lower number of reoperations due to bleeding of the wound area of ​​the hepatic graft when the human fibrinogen and thrombin sponge were used.

RESUMO Racional: Estratégia cirúrgica para aumentar o número de transplantes hepáticos na população pediátrica é a transecção hepática ex-situ (redução ou split). No entanto, ela está associada com complicações, tais como hemorragia e fístulas. A esponja de fibrinogênio e trombina humana é útil para melhorar a hemostasia nas operações hepáticas. Objetivo: Comparar transplantes hepáticos pediátricos com transecção hepática ex-situ (redução ou split) com ou sem a esponja de fibrinogênio e trombina humana. Métodos: Foi realizada análise prospectiva de 21 pacientes submetidos ao transplante de fígado com transecção hepática ex-situ com a aplicação da esponja de fibrinogênio e trombina humana na área cruenta (grupo A) e análise retrospectiva de 59 pacientes sem a esponja (grupo B). Resultados: As características dos receptores e doadores eram semelhantes. Observou-se menor número de reoperações devido à hemorragia na área da cruenta no grupo A (14,2%) em comparação com o grupo B (41,7%, p=0,029). Não houve diferença em relação à fístula biliar (grupo A: 17,6%, grupo B: 5,1%, p=0,14). Conclusão: Houve menor número de reoperações por sangramento da área cruenta do enxerto hepático quando a esponja de fibrinogênio e trombina humana foi utilizada.

Oral or topical administration of L-arginine changes the expression of TGF and iNOS and results in early wounds healing

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the contribution of L-arginine oral or topical rout of administration in the surgical wound healing process. METHODS: L-arginine was orally or topically administrated to mice after a laparotomy model procedure. The wounds were analyzed to evaluate the granulation tissue by HE analysis, collagen deposition, iNOS and cytokines production by immunochemisyry on wound progress. Mice used in this model were healthy, immunosupressed or diabetic and all of them were treated with different concentration of L-arginine and rout of administration. RESULTS: Suggested that groups treated with L-arginine orally or topically improved wound repair when compared with non-treatad mice. L- arginine treatment stimulated TGF-β and restricted NO production leading to a mild Th1 response and collagen deposition in injured area, when it was orally administrated. Topical administration decreased IL-8 and CCR1 expression by wound cells but did not interfere with TNF-α and IL-10 production, ratifying the decrease of inflammatory response, the oral administration however, presented a higher iNOS and TGF-β expression then. L-arginine treatment also improved the improved the wound healing in immunosupressed or diabetic mice. CONCLUSION: L-arginine administrated orally or topically can be considered an important factor in the recuperation of tissues.

The acute effects of preoperative ozone theraphy on surgical wound healing

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of preoperative rectal ozone insufflation on surgical wound healing over the proinflammatory cytokines and histopathological changes. METHODS: Twenty one rabbits were divided into 3 groups. Sham, surgical wound, and ozone applied (6 sessions, every other day 70 µg/mL in 12 mL O2-O3 mixture rectally) surgical wound groups were created. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels from all rabbits were studied at the basal, 24th hour, and 72nd hour. The histopathological examination was done by removing the surgical scar tissue at the end of 72nd hour. RESULTS: TNF-alfa and IL-6 levels were significantly lower compared to the control group, in the rabbits treated with ozone. The increase in angiogenesis, the decrease in the number of inflammatory cells, epidermal and dermal regeneration, better collagen deposition, and increased keratinisation in stratum corneum were observed in the histopathological examination. It was determined that the wound healing noticeably accelerated in the ozone group. CONCLUSION: Preoperative rectal ozone insufflation had a positive effect on surgical wound healing in acute period.

Pioderma gangrenoso em abdominoplastia: relato de caso / Pyoderma gangrenosum in abdominoplasty: a case report

Pioderma gangrenoso é uma doença caracterizada por úlceras dolorosas, com bordos imprecisos, de diversos tamanhos e profundidade. O diagnóstico é eminentemente clínico, sendo muitas vezes de exclusão. O tratamento não é específico. O desbridamento cirúrgico não é indicado devido a seu potencial de patergia. Neste trabalho, relatamos um caso de pioderma gangrenoso em uma paciente submetida à abdominoplastia.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a disease characterized by painful ulcers, with imprecise borders of various sizes and depth. The diagnosis is essentially clinical and often exclusionary. The treatment is not specific. Surgical debridement is not indicated because of its potential pathergy. We report a case of pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient who underwent abdominoplasty.